服务间通信

RESTful API

# 请求
GET /api/users/123 HTTP/1.1
Host: user-service:8080
Accept: application/json
Authorization: Bearer <token>

# 响应
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json

{
    "id": 123,
    "name": "Alice",
    "email": "alice@example.com"
}

gRPC

gRPC 使用 Protocol Buffers 作为接口定义语言：

syntax = "proto3";

service UserService {
    rpc GetUser (GetUserRequest) returns (User);
    rpc ListUsers (ListUsersRequest) returns (stream User);
}

message GetUserRequest {
    int64 user_id = 1;
}

message User {
    int64 id = 1;
    string name = 2;
    string email = 3;
}

优势

  • 基于 HTTP/2，性能更高
  • Protocol Buffers 二进制序列化
  • 强类型接口定义
  • 支持双向流

消息队列

Kafka 示例

// 生产者
Properties props = new Properties();
props.put("bootstrap.servers", "localhost:9092");
props.put("key.serializer", "StringSerializer");
props.put("value.serializer", "StringSerializer");

Producer<String, String> producer = new KafkaProducer<>(props);
producer.send(new ProducerRecord<>("orders", "order-123", "{"id":123}"));

使用场景

模式 说明 适用场景
事件驱动 异步通知 订单状态变更
消息分发 广播给多个消费者 数据同步
日志采集 集中式收集 监控审计

API 网关

services:
  - name: user-service
    url: http://user-service:8080
    routes:
      - paths: [/api/users/*]
  - name: order-service
    url: http://order-service:8080
    routes:
      - paths: [/api/orders/*]